This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Auraptene (AUR) and Umbelliprenin (UMB) in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) induced by using complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA).Paw swelling of adjuvant arthritis rats measured at various times after CFA injection. Over 15 days of RA induction, mediator/cytokine-mediated processes involved in managing the regulation and resolving RA's inflammation were also quantified with ELISA. Histopathological changes were also assessed under a microscope 15 days after the CFA injection.AUR at all doses and UMB administration only at a 16?mM /kg administration dose significantly reduced CFA-induced paw edema level compared to the control group. UMB (64 and 32?mM) and AUR (64, 32, and 16?

The liver is a vital metabolic organ for drug and xenobiotic metabolism which is influenced by chemical and natural toxins. Liver injury is associated with systemic oxidative stress, which leads to cellular necrosis, fibrosis, tissue lipid peroxidation, and depletion in glutathione levels. Considering the lack of reliable hepato‐protective drugs in modern medicine, plant‐derived phytoconstituents seem to be a noteworthy option. Naringin is an abundant flavonoid found in citrus fruits with various pharmacological benefits such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic, activities. In this review, we summarize available data from recent studies about the hepatoprotective effects of naringin against chemical toxicants and disc

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a 4-hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It induces various toxicological effects including immunotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AFM1 on immune system and its modulation by MicroRNA (miR)-155. AFM1 was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 25 and 50 ?g/kg for 28 days to Balb/c mice and different immune system parameters were analyzed. The levels of miR-155 and targeted proteins were evaluated in isolated T cells from spleens of mice. Spleen weight was reduced in mice exposed to AFM1 compared to negative control. Proliferation of splenocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin-A was reduced in mice exposed to AFM1. IFN-γ was decreased in mice exposed to AFM1, whereas I

ObjectivesMa-al-shaeer is a popular beverage in Islamic countries. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of methanol and ethanol in most consumed brands of Ma-al-shaeer in Iran.MethodsEighty-one Ma-al-shaeer samples which commonly used in Iran were provided. Methanol and ethanol contents were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector.ResultsThe mean methanol concentrations in Iranian and foreign brands was 129.84?205.38 mg/L and 110.157?135.98 mg/L, respectively. Although mean ethanol contents of Iranian brands was 1.2?2.41 mg/L, ethanol level in foreign ones was lower than LOQ.ConclusionSince the most Ma-al-shaeer brands had methanol pollution at different levels establishment of a definitive relat

Iran is one of the main suppliers of pistachio for the European market accounting for over 90% of its demands; hence, efficient analytical methods are required for detection of mycotoxins contamination in pistachio kernels before exporting them. In this study, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in five pistachio cultivars collected from four sites of Iran, were measured by HPLC. Based on the results, risk assessment for AFB1 and OTA residues was done. The highest mean concentrations of AFB1 and OTA were found in Ahmad-aghaei (4.33 and 2.19 ng/g, respectively) and Akbari (4.08 and 1.943 ng/g, respectively) cultivars from Rafsanjan, Iran. Even the highest concentrations of AFB1 and OTA in analyzed samples were lower than th

BACKGROUND Although, to date, there have been several in vitro and in vivo studies of immunomodulatory effects of aflatoxin M1 (AFB1), little is known about the effect of AFM1 on various aspects of innate and acquired immunity. In the present study, AFM1 was administered intraperitoneally, at doses of 25 and 50 μg kg−1, body mass for 28 days and various immunological parameters were measured. RESULTS Several parameters related to immune function were suppressed: organ mass, cellularity of spleen, proliferation response to lipopolysaccaride and phytohemagglutinin‐A, hemagglutination titer, delayed type of hypersensitivity response, spleen cell subtypes, serum hemolytic activity, serum immunoglobulin G level and cytokine production.

Toxic elements are commonly used in cosmetic products for many reasons like coloring pigments or blocking ultraviolet light; however, the level of some metals exceed specific concentration which can cause serious safety issues. This study aims to evaluate the content of lead and cadmium in samples of sunscreen and foundation creams, most frequently used brands of cosmetic products, in Iran. Concentration of lead in the sunscreens and foundation creams was lower than that of USFDA standards. The content of cadmium was higher than Europe Union standard. Effort must be made to inform the users about the harmful consequences of cosmetics.

Heavy metals contamination, constituting an important public health threat, is considered to be a major problem of environmental systems. In this study, the heavy metal contamination of several famous rice types; both domestic and imported, was investigated. In addition, the risk assessment of heavy metal-contaminated rice was characterised by average estimated daily intakes (EDIs), target hazard quotient (THQs), and hazard index (HI) of the Iranian population. The EDIs for Pb, As and Cd from rice was 0.217, 0.183 and 0.090 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. THQs of individual element for all metals was less than one, indicating that health risk associated with the intake of a single element through consumption of rice was negligible. The HI of h

Concentration of five heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in wheat collected from silages of Golestan Province, Iran, was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Dry ashing method was applied for precise determination of the five heavy metal contents. The concentrations of heavy metals were recorded as the following: Pb (0.013–0.14), Cd (0.008–0.031) by graphite furnace method and Cu (0.48–6.2), Fe (58.50–406.9), and Zn (3.41–32.75) by flame method, all in mg.kg−1. The mean concentration of all the aforementioned heavy metals was (0.057 ? 0.003), (0.016 ? 0.005), (2.7 ? 0.17), (111.2 ? 21), and (5.7 ? 0.22) mg.kg−1, respectively. The level of heavy metals decreased in